Stem Cell Applications in the World

STEM CELLS

Stem cell research has been a subject of research for the last 10 years. The use of stem cells has the potential to revolutionize medical treatments and therapies, but also raises ethical and moral concerns. In this article we will compare stem cell research policies in the UK, America and Canada. Each country has its own unique approach to regulating stem cell research, and we will examine the legislation, regulations, public opinion and ethical considerations in each country.

STEM CELL UK

Stem cell research in the UK is regulated by the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA). The HFEA oversees the use of embryos in research and sets guidelines for the use of embryonic stem cells. The HFEA requires researchers to obtain a license before conducting any research involving human embryos. In addition to the HFEA, the UK Stem Cell Bank provides a central repository for stem cell lines and regulates the use of stem cells in research. In the UK, public opinion is generally supportive of stem cell research; Polls show that the majority of the population supports the use of embryonic stem cells for medical research. However, there are also ethical concerns regarding the use of embryos, and some groups are calling for stricter regulations on the use of embryonic stem cells.                  

STEM CELL AMERICA

In the United States, stem cell research is regulated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The NIH oversees funding for stem cell research, while the FDA regulates the use of stem cells in clinical trials and treatments. Additionally, states may have their own laws and regulations governing stem cell research. Public opinion

in the United States is divided on the use of embryonic stem cells; Some groups oppose the use of embryos in research on moral and ethical grounds. This has sparked political controversy and legal challenges, with some states passing laws restricting or banning the use of embryonic stem cells.

STEM CELL CANADA

Stem cell research in Canada is regulated by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA). CIHR provides funding for stem cell research and sets guidelines for the use of stem cells in research.

The AHRA regulates the use of human embryos in research and imposes restrictions on the creation and use of embryos for research purposes. In Canada, public opinion is generally supportive of stem cell research; Polls show that the majority of the population supports the use of embryonic stem cells for medical research. However, there are also ethical concerns regarding the use of embryos, and some groups are calling for stricter regulations on the use of embryonic stem cells.

As a result, each country has its own unique approach to regulating stem cell research. While the United Kingdom and Canada have similar regulatory frameworks, the United States has a more complex system with both federal and state regulations.

has. Public opinion regarding stem cell research varies between countries and can be influenced by political, religious and ethical beliefs.

STEM CELL Türkiye

Stem Cells are the main cells that form all tissues and organs in our body. There are many different cells in an organ.

When stem cells are damaged by cells in tissues or organs; It transforms into cells and treats organs and tissues. They have unlimited divisibility abilities. Stem cells are actually constantly active, providing the renewal of our entire body or the treatment of necessary areas. If it is directed collectively to a certain area, it will help that area heal.

provides.

Nowadays, it has been found that much more stem cells can be easily obtained from the fat tissues in our body than from the bone marrow. Likewise, it has been discovered that tissues taken from our body can be grown in the laboratory. Thus, Stem Cells have become usable in the treatment of almost all diseases.

Common features of stem cells are:

• They can be propagated in a suitable growth
• They have unlimited reproduction
• They transform into the cells they touch and treat the tissues and organs formed by the
• They can renew themselves or maintain their own cell

ADULT STEM CELL

They have the potential to repair this tissue and make it functional following an injury to a part of the body.

Adult stem cells are different from cells taken from embryos and fetuses and are found in tissues that develop in humans or animals after birth. However, the best place to obtain these cells is the bone marrow, which is located in the center of some bones. Bone marrow is generally taken from the bone section behind the upper hip bone called “crista iliaca”. In the bone marrow; There are different types of stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are known to form blood and are used in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia or anemia; It is known that endothelial stem cells treat the vascular system (arteries and veins), that is, they are used in treatments related to the vessels. It is known that mesenchymal stem cells turn into approximately one hundred different cells; these are many different cells such as bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve, liver and pancreas cells.

1)  SVF – Stromal Vascular Fraction

When it is understood that stem cells can be obtained from fat tissue, fat cells are first separated by various enzymatic and mechanical processes to reach the cells in the fat, and the remaining complex stem cell suspension, which contains many different cells together, is called SVF. It contains many cell types found in adults. These contain 80-100 different stem cell groups with therapeutic properties, such as mesenchymal, which has the ability to transform into different cells, hematopoietic, which forms blood cells, endothelial, which treats vessels, and fibroblast, which forms connective tissues. Since it contains many cells, when given to the patient intravenously, the cells it contains are used as therapeutic cells by the relevant areas. If desired, cells can be specially separated from within the SVF; It can be propagated separately and used in different treatments.

Likewise, in diseases such as burns and autoimmune system, where more than one cell needs to be treated together, the cells are used collectively without being separated.

2)  Mesenchymal Stem Cell

It is the name given to a cell that has the ability to transform into another cell. Adult mesenchymal stem cells are found in connective tissues. These stem cells can move from the tissue they are in to a damaged tissue. They repair damaged tissues and can repair damaged tissue. At the same time, if there is damage in other tissues, they have the ability to find that area. Mesenchymal stem cells in adults are obtained from bone marrow and fat tissue, which is 4 times more abundant than bone marrow today. A mesenchymal stem cell taken from an adult individual has the ability to transform into around 100 different cells. These; They are many different cells such as bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve, liver and pancreatic cells.

Features of mesenchymal stem cell:

• Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to transform into other
• They differ in appearance in the lung, stomach and bone tissue. The reason for this situation is the different conditions in the
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells have the ability to fuse with damaged Only in its own tissue

It not only repairs the damage, but also passes to the other tissue and provides repair in case of damage to another tissue.

• Since they are of connective tissue origin, they can contribute to the development and function of relevant tissue
• It can differentiate into connective tissue cells such as muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, tendon and

In order to increase its number, it is necessary to multiply it in cultures that last for weeks in a special laboratory environment. This requires serious technology, infrastructure, experience and is costly. For this reason, Mesenchymal Stem Cells suitable for clinical use are produced in a limited number of centers in the world. All operations required for this process must be carried out in accordance with international standards (GMP Good manufacturing practice).

3)Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Blood Cell)

All of the blood cells in our body consist of young (immature) cells called hematopoietic stem cells. (The word hematopoietic means “blood-forming.”)

Stem cells usually grow in the bone marrow (the spongy substance inside the bones) to divide to create new cells.

They are present. They are unique cells that were first discovered, best defined, and have been successfully applied in the clinic for years.

Functions of hematopoietic stem cells:

• It controls basic mechanisms such as carrying oxygen to tissues, ensuring the functioning of the immune system and controlling
• They are cells that can self-renew and differentiate and form all blood
• Hematopoietic cancers (leukemia-lymphoma-myeloma), non-hematopoietic cancers,
• Those with genetic and/or acquired bone marrow diseases:
• It is used in aplastic anemia, thalassemias, sickle cell disease and, increasingly, in autoimmune

4) Endothelial Stem Cell

Endothelial Stem Cells mature in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, concentrate in areas of vascular (vascular system) damage, and play a central role in repairing the damage. After Endothelial Stem Cells leave the bone marrow, they can transform into mature endothelial cells by undergoing some changes in their cell surface markers.

Endothelial Stem Cells treat existing vessels by multiplying and circulating according to their ability to divide.

5)Autologous Stem Cell Production

The cells in our body, which do not have the ability to turn into any other cell other than themselves, are multiplied in a laboratory environment; Giving it to the missing area is called autologous cell production.

The following cell types can be given as examples of autologous cell production:

Fibroblast cell:

They are the basic cells that form the connective tissue and collagen-producing tissues in the lower layer of the skin. Over time, as these cells die, the connective tissue begins to collapse and collagen production decreases. In this way, skin aging occurs. rejuvenation

In treatments, it can be produced in a laboratory environment and transferred back to the skin to repair the missing areas in these tissues under the skin.

Beta cell:

These cells, which play a role in insulin production in the pancreas, can be used in the treatment of diabetes by growing them in a laboratory environment and placing them back in the pancreas.

Keratinocyte:

These are the cells that form the outermost layer of the skin. In cases such as burns, acne scars, or injuries on the epidermis, that is, when the epidermis needs to be created, the production of these cells can be done in a laboratory environment.

FETAL STEM CELL

The embryo develops and takes the name “fetus” when it is approximately 7-8 weeks old. While the cells obtained from the fetus between 8 and 12 weeks while the baby is forming do not completely form a human being, they have the ability to turn into cells in almost all tissues and organs. These are stem cell types obtained from the babies of women who miscarried between 8 and 12 weeks and have the ability to divide and renew themselves in unlimited numbers. There are no antigens in fetal stem cells. antigen to a body

When it enters, it is perceived as a foreign substance by the body’s immune system and the body produces antibodies to destroy it. means substances. Since there is no antigen in the fetal stem cell, when it is given to the body of another person; that person’s body does not recognize that it is a foreign substance, so the fetal stem cells are fully accepted even if they are given to another person. In this way, fetal stem cells imitate the cells in the tissues and organs they touch, and thus problematic tissues and organs are treated.

EMBRYONIC STEM CELL

Stem cells vary in their ability to differentiate. The cell type with the highest ability to differentiate is the zygote, which is the first state of a woman’s egg fertilized by sperm. The zygote can differentiate into any cell type and any extraembionic tissue cell in the

body. In this way, a human being is born from a single cell. After fertilization, a hollow sphere called “blastocyte” with approximately 150 cells is formed within approximately 5 days. These cells can regenerate a human being and you can clone a human being. For this reason, embryonic stem cells are used by all countries.

Work on it is prohibited.

CORD BLOOD STEM CELL

Cord blood stem cells are quite young compared to other stem cell sources, and when stored, aging and wear processes are stopped. Their reproduction rates are higher than other sources. During cord blood transplantation, the success rate is high even if there is not a full tissue compatibility (HLA) between the recipient and the donor.

Cord blood is taken from the placental side of the umbilical cord, which is cut after the baby is born. Immediately after the baby is born, the umbilical cord is tied, the baby is taken and the blood in the cord connected to the placenta is collected into a sterile blood bag containing anti-coagulant substance with the help of a special system. The collected blood is sent to the cord blood bank laboratory within 48 hours.

Stem cells obtained from cord blood have the ability to transform into an estimated 200 different cells in the body.

However, mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adults after the baby is born can turn into approximately 100 different cells. For this reason, cord blood taken from the baby provides more success when used in the treatment of a disease in the long term.

As Clinic and Turkey Stem Cell Department, we use SVF – Stromal Vascular Fraction in our patients. We use stem cells and Mesenchymal cord blood stem cells.

STEM CELL PRICES:

Stem cell treatment prices vary in Canada, America, England and Turkey.

Stem cell treatments in Turkey are provided at more affordable prices than in Canada, America and England.

As Clinic and Turkey, we offer the best treatment to our patients at the most affordable price.

Please review it in detail; https:// www.clinicandturkey.com/stem-cell-therapyy/